مطالعات مختلف علمی نشان داده است که محدود کردن شدید مصرف کالری باعث افزایش چشمگیر طول عمر موش آزمایشگاهی و بسیاری دیگر از گونه ها می شود اما دلایل آن تاکنون نامشخص بود.

With the invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA fingerprinting took huge strides forward in both discriminating power and ability to recover information from very small starting samples. PCR involves the amplification of specific regions of DNA using a cycling of temperature and a thermostable polymerase enzyme along with sequence specific primers of DNA. Commercial kits that used single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for discrimination became available. These kits use PCR to amplify specific regions with known variations and hybridize them to probes anchored on cards, which results in a colored spot corresponding to the particular sequence variation.